Among Korea’s cultural heritage, with its rich history spanning over 5,000 years, is Pyongyang Fortress, the capital of Koguryo (277 BCE–668 CE). Pyongyang became the capital of Koguryo in 427 CE, marking a pivotal moment in Korean history.

Pyongyang Fortress Plan

Pyongyang Fortress Plan

Pyongyang, often referred to as the sacred land of Korea, has deep roots in the nation’s history. It was the political, economic, and cultural center of Gojoseon, the first state of the Korean people. Koguryo’s decision to move its capital to Pyongyang symbolized its intent to solidify the traditions and legacy of Gojoseon, asserting itself as the rightful successor to Korea’s ancient heritage.

Relying on its robust national power, Koguryo constructed a new capital fortified by walls surrounding the entire city. This new fortress was none other than Pyongyang Fortress. Built between 552 and 586 CE, the fortress took full advantage of Pyongyang’s natural geography. To the north, Moran Hill provided rugged terrain with steep cliffs, while the east, west, and south were protected by the Taedong and Potong rivers, forming natural moats that hindered enemy advances while bolstering defense.

Koguryo stone with inscriptions

Koguryo stone with inscriptions

The outer walls of Pyongyang Fortress extended from Moran Hill in the north, following the Potong River southwest past Ulmil Pavilion. They then bent northeast where the Potong and Taedong rivers meet, continuing along the Taedong River past Taedong Gate and finally returning to Moran Hill. The perimeter of these walls measured approximately 16 kilometers.

Within Pyongyang Fortress, walls divided the city into four sections: the inner fortress, middle fortress, outer fortress, and northern fortress. The combined length of all the fortress walls measured about 23 kilometers. The fortress also featured seven prominent pavilions, with Ulmil Pavilion in the inner fortress and Choesung Pavilion in the northern fortress being the most notable.

Koguryo stone with inscriptions

Koguryeo stone with inscriptions

Historical records highlight the fortress’s impenetrability: “Pyongyang Fortress is backed by mountains to the north and bordered by rivers on three sides. Its walls are tall and steep, making it nearly impossible to conquer.”

Taedong Gate

Taedong Gate

 

Potong Gate

Potong Gate

Pyongyang Fortress stands as a testament to the creative ingenuity of the Koguryo people. It symbolizes the political, military, and economic might of Koguryo, one of East Asia’s great powers, and reflects the advanced architectural skills of its time. Today, it remains a precious cultural heritage, showcasing the resilience and excellence of Korean civilization.

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